Kitchen Gardening Project is the revolutionary step to increase vegetables production as well as provision of cheap vegetables to the consumers. The main focus of the study was to assess the impact of kitchen gardening training given by Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) under watershed project in Arokas and Ghoragali. Capacity building of rural women in Kitchen Gardening was the focus and twenty trainees of kitchen gardening were selected randomly from each location to assess the impact of their livelihood. The study finding reveals that Kitchen gardening had increase environmental beauty and income of the growers to some extent in the targeted area. It was recommended that longer-term interventions required to support livelihoods with links to the market and to make strategies with communities to improve access to products and services.

Beekeeping or apiculture is the preservation of honey bee colonies to get pure honey and helps in pollination. Beekeeping is a useful mean of strengthening livelihoods because it creates a variety of assets. The main focus of the study was to assess the impact of beekeeping training given by Society of facilitator and Trainer (SOFT) to females in Sargodha and Chakwal district. Capacity building of rural women in beekeeping was the focus and fifteen trainees’ beekeepers were selected randomly from each district for survey to assess the impact of beekeeping in their livelihood. The analysis suggests that there are some social and cultural barriers which restrict women to go out in the fields for the management practices of beekeeping. For future selection criteria of participants have to be focused and without the involvement of male member they can’t manage this whole activity in a better way. For young females it was very difficult to handle bees, proper colonies management, their supplement feeding, honey extraction, movement of hives etc. Economically, beekeeping increased keepers’ income but this ratio was very low in the targeted area. Training had to be gender based for sustaining livelihood. There are some problems identified by the beekeepers. Finally the authors have drawn some recommendations for future beekeeping trainings. In not shell there was no positive impact of beekeeping training of rural women.

The genius of a place (genius loci) is known as the presiding deity or spirit; therefore, every place has its own unique physical (tangible) and perceived (intangible) qualities. Kelantan state situated at the North East region of Malaysia is regarded as a “cultural pot of Malay culture.” The tangible and intangible heritage of Kelantan is not only known for uniqueness, but also the realistic traditional concept of art in Malay. Many forms of Malaysian heritage are believed to be originated from Kelantan; although they are later recognized as the Malay heritage, however, the uniqueness in Kelantan art makes it a masterpiece concept which cannot be found elsewhere in Malaysia. Among others are; the intricately designed moon-kite known as WauBulan, RebanaUbi and Kertuk drum, the bird singing activities and Mak Yong art drama named by UNESCO in 2004 as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity. Thus, this paper seeks to highlight and illuminate on the Kelantan traditional arts. The paper also elaborates on the intrinsic values behind these unique heritages; analyzed the current issues and challenges and conclusively proposed how these issues can be addressed. These will guide on how the heritage values can be enhanced and sustained as genius loci.

How do political rivalry, ethnicity and other structural tensions in a given country pose regional, sub-regional and even international security threat? What triggered Economic Community of West African States’ (ECOWAS) armed response to the Liberian crisis? The slow escalation of Liberia’s two civil wars (1989-96 and 1999-2003) illustrates how this observation stimulates the basis of comparative studies of Africa’s sub-regional humanitarian missions within the AU Charter. This paper argues that ECOWAS protocols connect Humanitarian Intervention (HI) to the emerging norm of responsibility to protect (R2P) and assess the extent to which ECOWAS leaders saw the Liberian mission more as R2P than a mere interference in the internal affairs of a member-state. It examines the basis for humanitarian intervention (HI) in Africa’s sub-regional institutions, identifies AU instruments and ECOWAS protocols that sanction HI. The theoretical analysis is explored in relation to ECOWAS intervention mission in Liberia and we explain the mission within the behaviouralist theory. Indeed, the Liberian crisis took place decades ago but its uniqueness as the first major “interference” of an African sub- regional body in the internal affairs of a member state justifies its study. Library Content Analysis will be the main research technique.

With the increase in population and the increasing trend of urbanizations leads towards a serious issue of food security and mal-nutrition. To cover come the mal nutrition in the household the concept of kitchen gardning was introduced over the centuries. Now this concept is very well know and taking success in developed and developing countries. So this study was designed to analyse the attitude of people towards kitchen gardning. For this purpose study was conducted on among 30 house holds in three different colonies of Islamabad. Rawal Town, Margalla Town, and Terlai. Results depict that 90% of the people practices the activity of kitchen gardening at their home and use their production for home consumption.

The research sought to assess the role of workplace counselling in changing employee behaviour. The research was carried in the form of a case study, in which a sample of 55 employees from a population of 120 employees was used. Stratified random sampling procedure was employed in selecting elements from 20 managers and 100 general workers respectively. Questionnaires and interviews were used in triangulation to collect data on the sample. After analyzing the collected data, it was found that employees have high respect for the role of workplace counselling arguing that it reduces rate of absentiseem, grievances, hearings and dismissals. It was also found that some employees feels that counselling is a waste of resources because it is used by managers as a way of suppression and torture of vibrant employees in the name of disciplinary counselling.

The study analyzed the extent of women’s contribution to household welfare among rural households in Mubi North local government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Fifty respondents were randomly selected across five wards in the study area. The instrument used was structured questionnaire. The analytical tool used in the study was descriptive statistics. The results revealed that most respondents were married (92%) while mean age was 42 years. About 56% of women in the study area engaged in farming and 44% engaged in trading/business. Most women in the study area earned an average of N348 000 per month. It was also observed that 98% of the women contributed to children’s clothing and 96% to provision of food. The study recommended that Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and women support groups should introduce more skill acquisition programmes in the rural areas for women, to enhance women’s access to income.